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Sea level variability increasingly contributes to coastal flooding and erosion as global sea levels rise, partly due to the thermal expansion of seawater, which accelerates with increasing temperature. Climate model simulations with increasing greenhouse gas emissions suggest that future sea level variability, such as the annual and interannual oscillations that alter local astronomical tidal cycles and contribute to coastal impacts, will also increase in many regions. Here, we present an analysis of the CMIP5 climate model projections of future sea level to show that there is a tendency for a near-global increase in sea level variability with continued warming that is robust across models, regardless of whether ocean temperature variability increases. Specifically, for an upper-ocean warming by 2 °C, which is likely to be reached by the end of this century, sea level variability increases by 4 to 10% globally on seasonal-to-interannual timescales because of the nonlinear thermal expansion of seawater. As the oceans continue to warm, future ocean temperature oscillations will cause increasingly larger buoyancy-related sea level fluctuations that may alter coastal risks.

 

As technology keeps overgrowing, Internet surfing becomes more popular. As a consequence, users tend to use it for social media, shopping, banking, or any other online services in which they need to put their personal information. These online activities attract malicious computer users to apply cyberattack techniques to steal other user's data. The users become attack victims due to limited understanding of cyberattacks and safety practices. In this paper, we propose a framework development for interactive and engaging cybersecurity education. With the help of the framework, the users will be able to learn different types of cyberattacks and defenses along with the safe cybersecurity practices. We also discuss the current state of the framework and conclude the paper with a discussion on limitations and future work.